The Divide American Injustice - 1247 Words

The American justice system is divided between the wealthy and those from low socioeconomic backgrounds. A system that has been systematically built to favor wealthy Americans and punish poor Americans, as suggested in Matt Taibbi’s book â€Å"The Divide: American Injustice in the Age of the Wealthy Gap†. Meanwhile, poor Americans, specifically people of color, face punishment far beyond crime allegedly committed. In the following paragraphs, we will explore the root causes behind systematic forces that oppress and criminalize poverty, but also perpetuate white collar crimes among the wealthy. American society has developed systematic forces to oppress and criminalize individuals who come from low socioeconomic backgrounds. Much of police†¦show more content†¦The second disorder falls under social chaos such as noisy neighbours, noisy youth groups on street corners, and aggressive panhandlers. These two types of disorders were thought to increase fear among a community as suggested by the article ‘Broken Windows†. To execute on the broken windows theory, police officers were assigned on foot patrols in communities who had high concentrations of both physical and social disorders (mainly in poor communities). After a five year study conducted by the Police Foundation in Washington, D.C, foot patrol did not reduce crime in communities but rather created the illusion of a safer community. Individuals in communities believed â€Å"that crime had been reduced, and seemed to take fewer steps to protect themselves from crime†(Broken Windows 1). These findings would serve as incentives to enforce informal control in a community such as, removing or hiding both social and physical disorders in a community. For example, there is no law against looking drunk and homeless, but this social disorder in a community can portray negligence towards the community, which can invite more disorderly conduct. Officers would then, enforce informal control by either suggesting the person to go somewhere else or making an arrest under the charges of vagrancy. The problem with the logic of the broken windows theory is that it marginalizes poor neighborhoods who generally tend to be populated by blacks and hispanics. So now, policemen

The Sociological Perspective Essay - 762 Words

Using Cooleys Looking Glass, the theory that we develop our self by interacting with others, I am able to determine my social location and analyze why. I will discuss several different sociological factors that have influenced me and created this person. Culturally, I am an American. I was born in Idaho, a northern state. Like many Americans, I work hard but enjoy entertainment as well. Since I grew up in a rural mining town in Nevada, I prefer outside activities. I am a 22 years old, white female. I know that women have had a great deal of persecution in their struggle for equality and happily, I can say that they did great. I was raised that I was equal to men in every way and thus have always been treated that way. I am†¦show more content†¦How I turned from not caring about my education to holding my mind in highest regards, is a mystery. Now, I get As and realize that if you try you can learn anything which also means you can do anything. I feel that education is the most important variable in determining success and even health. For example, Smoking is my biggest fault, vice and the one quality about myself I am utterly embarrassed and disgusted about. My father smokes. My point is that people who smoke usually fall into a lower social class and thus make little money. This is not because of money rather the level of Education they received. People who are educated know the ill effects of smoking and the tremendous loss of lif e because of cigarettes. While people with a high school education or less often could care less. How many Doctors do you know that smoke cigarettes or use chewing tobacco? I know the ratio or percentage is less than the number of waiters or waitress. Thus education affects more than our income, it also affects our health. I am part of the working class, making around 34,000 my gross income per year. Although I am classed by the book as working class, I feel like high middle class. 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Accounting for Managers The Financial Statements

Question: Describe about the Accounting for Managers for The Financial Statements. Answer: 1: (a) Interpretation of the financial statements of JB Hi-Fi Limited for the period ending 30 June 2012: Ratios Formula 2012 2010 Gross profit margin Gross profit/revenue*100 21.09 21.75 Net profit Margin Net profit/Revenue*100 3.35 4.34 Return on assets Net profit/average total asset*100 13.26 17.27 Return on equity Net profit/shareholders equity*100 169.61 221.46 Earnings per share 105.93 109.7 Gross profit margin ration of JB Hi-Fi Limited over the year has not been changed much. It is maintained consistently at slightly more than 21%. Net profit margin of the company is decreased from 4.34% to 3.35% from the year 2010 to 2012. Return on asset decreased from 17.27% to 13.26% and return on equity decreased from 221.46% to 169.61%. Earnings per share also fell slightly from $109.7 to $105.93. Therefore, it can be analyzed from the ratios that the performance of the company is getting worse over the years. Company should curtail their expenses, wherever possible, so that their net profit can be increased and as a result, their return on asset as well as equity can be increased. (b) Evaluation of financial position of JB Hi-Fi Limited at 30 June 2012 Ratios Formula 2012 2011 2010 Current ratio Current assets/current liab 1.24 1.45 1.25 Quick ratio Quick aseets/current liab 0.22 0.25 0.32 Debt to asset ratio total debt/total asset 0.18 0.30 0.05 Interest coverage ratio EBIT/Interest exp 11.87 26.30 25.38 Cash balance at year end(Amount in $000) 39710.00 27246.00 51735.00 Current ratio of JB Hi-Fi Limited has increased from 1.25 to 1.45 from 2011 to 2012, but fell to 1.24 again on 2012. That means the current ratio of the company is fluctuating. Quick ratio of the company is in decreasing trend over the year. It indicates that the companys ability to meet quick expenses is getting worse. Debt to asset ratio has increased significantly from 2010 to 2011, from 0.05 to 0.30. It is indicating that company has borrowed significant amount over the year. However, the ratio decreased to 0.18 in 2012. It indicates that, company has paid off its loan to improve its debt position. Interest coverage ratio has increased slightly from 2010 to 2011. However, it dropped significantly in the year 2012. It means the companys ability to meet their interest expenses with their income are decreasing. (C )Analysis of cash flow statement: Cash flow from operating activities are in increasing trend except for the year 2011, in which the cash flow has fell from $152,103,000 to $109,945,000. Sale of the company has increased significantly from $29, 65,823 to $32,67,490 over the year 2010 to 2011. Cash flow from investing activities is in negative figures for all the four years. The reason behind this is the payment for plant, equipment and property is far more than the proceeds from sale of plant and equipment. Payment towards borrowing and dividend also making the condition worse for the company, as there is not enough income to cover up these expenses. Finally, the closing cash balance of the company is $35,790,000 for 2009, $51,735,000 for 2010, $27,246,000 for 2011 and $39,710,000 for 2012. From the overall performance of the company over the years from 2009 to 2012, it can be stated that, the overall performance for the year 2011 is worse. However, the company started working on this and improved their position to s ome extent in the year 2012. (d) Analysis of the performance of JB Hi-Fi as an investment from the shareholders perspective: (Amount in $000) Particulars 2012 2011 2010 2009 Total assets 811,149.00 767,139.00 714,322.00 661,651.00 Total owners equity 184,501.00 152,313.00 293,296.00 229,252.00 Cash balance at the year end 39,710.00 27,246.00 51,735.00 35,790.00 EBIT 162,027.00 164,849.00 176,558.00 143,529 Net profit after tax 104,641.00 109,695.00 118,652.00 94,438 Earnings per share 105.93 101.76 109.74 88.26 Dividends per share (cents) 29 33 29 16 Total asset of JB Hi-Fi Limited is in increasing trend, that is, the company is increasing their ability to pay off their liabilities out of the available asset. Total owners equity has decreased significantly from the year 2010 to 2011. However, it has been increased to some extent in the year 2012. Cash balance of the company also decreased drastically from $51,735 to $27,246 from 2010 to 2011. It indicates that the liquid cash of the company is expensed towards paying of its liabilities. Net profit after tax has increased from 2009 to 2010. However, after 2010, their net profit is in decreasing trend, which indicates that companys profit is not increasing as compared to their expenses. Except for the year 2009, earning per share and dividend per share is in consistent basis. Therefore, from the investment perspective of shareholders, JB Hi-Fi is quite good option to invest, as the company is improving their financial position and paying their shareholders on consistent basis. 2. Introduction: Gold and Costa are two aspiring entrepreneurs who wants to establish as fruit Juice and vegetable juice provider in eastern coast area during the hot summer. They have plenty of opportunities in this business. All the drink they will made from fresh fruits and vegetables. They want to set a price for their products, which will be, cover the cost of ingredients and make sufficient profit as they want to sell their business after 3 years as a profitable business. As an Accounting manager, they can be advised to follow these objectives: Break-Even sales: The Break-even point for sales is calculated by dividing fixed expenses of a company with the contribution, where contribution is sales minus variable expenses. Here, fixed expenses means fixed expenses plus fixed cost. For example, if Gold and Costa has fixed expenses of $50,000 per year and its variable expenses is 80% of sales, and then they have a contribution margin of 20%. In other words, after deducting the variable expenses from sales revenue, only 20% remains to go towards profit and fixed expenses (Angin 2014). Fixed expenses of $50000 divided by the contribution margin ratio of 20% equals to $250,000, that is, if the company has sales of $250,000, it will be the break-even point. The breakeven point is the point where sales revenue will be equal to all expenses of the company (Smolka, Verheul and Burmeister-Lamp 2014). How to determine sales for target profits: If a specific goal is set for net income and analyzing of contribution margin can help to determine required sales. This goal set for net income is known as target profit. For example, say Gold and Costa is planning to earn a profit of $40,000 and required to pay $20,000 in fixed asset, the total contribution needed to create to earn a target profit of $40,000 will be as follows: Net income = Contribution Fixed cost $40,000 = Contribution - $20,000 Contribution = $60,000 Therefore, Contribution of $60,000 will give the required profit of $40,000. Now if the company has variable expenses of $80,000, then the required sales will be $140,000 (Choi 2016). Different types of costs and their implications: Direct Cost: Direct cost is related to production of production of goods and services. It includes material, overhead and labour expenses related to production of any product. For example - the wages paid to a works depends on the hours he worked for (Fang et al.2012). Indirect cost: Indirect cost is not related to production of goods and services. Moreover, they cannot be marked out easily in department, product, project or activity. For example, cost of power used in the production or in factory (Besharov and Smith 2014). Fixed cost: Fixed cost does not change with the quantity of goods or services company produces. For example, monthly payment for lease of a machine does not change with the production quantity; it is a fixed cost (del Ro and Cerd 2014). Variable cost: Variable cost is the cost that has direct relationship with the production quantity. It includes cost such as material, overhead and labour cost. Variable cist expenses changes with the changes if production quantity. For example, if the requirement of material for producing one unit is $10, then to produce 10 unit, the material requirement will also be increased to 10*$10 = $100 (Drummond et al. 2015). Importance of budgeting: Budget is a summary of expenses and incomes items for a particular period. Budget is the most efficient and the basic means to control the expenses and incomes. Most of the companies, who avoid preparing budget, do so to avoid extra work. Budgeting also helps to determine the possible area where cost is to be curtailed. The main objective of budgeting is to determine the allocation of money, based on the financial limitations. It will save Gold and Costa from overspending and taking too much loan from outside. Although budgeting involves more work, it pays off with many advantages (Savic, Vasiljevic and Popovic 2016). Some of the advantages are as follows: Helps to control money: The main objective of budget is to be calculated on the expenses and find out the way to save money. Budgeting helps to save the company from sudden expenses and lack of funds just because the company did not planned for that expense (Lobato et al. 2014). Helps to focus on money goal: unnecessary spending on services and products, which do not contribute to meet the financial goal are avoided. Moreover, the budgeting helps to meet the targets for them who are working with limited resources (Rakos and Man 2016) Makes the company aware about spending of money: If Gold and Costa prepares their budget, they will have clear view where their money is going and the source, they are earning the money. Budgeting will save them from sudden big expenses.A budget will also enable them to determine what they can afford, take opportunities of investing and buying and investing options, and plan the way to decrease their debt. It will also tell them what is important to the based on how they allocate funds, how their money is operating for them and how far they are towards achieving their financial goals (Vaznonien? and Ston?iuvien? 2012) Helps to organize savings and spending: By dividing their money into savings and expenditures category, a budget will make Gold and Costa aware about what type of expenses takes which part of their money. Therefore, it will be easy for them to make modifications. Budget also provides a reference for organizing receipts, bills and financial statements. When all the financial dealings are organized for tax purpose or questions of creditors, effort and time will be saved. Helps to decide about the requirement of money in advance Helps to plan and save money to meet unexpected and expected costs Helps to detect potential problems: Gold and Costa prepares their budget and take a wide picture view, then, they can see potential fund problems in advance, and will be able to make alteration before the problem arises. Helps to determine the ability of raising debt: It can be inferred that debt is not a good thing, it is necessary to raise funds through debt, if a company can afford it. Budgeting shows how much a debt load can be taken realistically without being worried or if taking the debt worth it. Enables to save extra money: Through budgeting, Gold and Costa will be able to eliminate and identify unnecessary spending in penalties, late fees and interest (Rossi 2015). Information need to be collected to start new business: Gold and Costa wants to start the business of fruit and vegetable juice. Before starting the business, they required to collect a variety of information, which are as follows: They should prepare a report about marketing methodology, collect information related to business plan, collect data from the questionnaire prepared by Gold and Costa, to verify the market demands. After the analysis of questionnaire, they should decide about the location, source of finance, distribution channel and promotion of product. Gold and Costa should make a research about children and diabetic people, so that any modification can be made in the juice, for them. Information related to pricing policy in the market should be collected. It will enable them to set their pricing policy at a reasonable level. As juice is a perishable product, they should collect information regarding the proper distribution channel. Requirement of types of analysis: Gold and Costa should make a proper analysis before starting their business. Among various analyses, most important analysis is as follows: Analysis of industry: There are already various established juice companies. Gold and Costa should produce something which will be different from other juice companies in any aspect. If there is nothing different from other juice companies, the customer will not get attracted and will not shift their choice (Henttu-Aho and Jrvinen 2013). Analysis of competitors: There are many well known companies dealing with juice products, in food and beverage market. Competitors should be carefully analysed before Gold and Costa step in the juice market. Analysis of market segmentation: Generally, markets are segmented based on their demographic area, types of customers, income, sex, age and occupation of people. Business strategies: Objectives: Gold and Costa should have their main objectives as: To become the new best juice provider in the juice industry Satisfy the customers through improving the quality of product To earn profit from the first year of function To generate innovative, unique and healthy products that will help them to compete with competitors (Wang, Madhok and Xiao 2014). Key factors to success: Some of the key factors to succeed are: Design of store should be attractive and efficient for operation Marketing strategies should be planned to create loyal consumers Increase customer satisfaction level through high quality products They must create a innovative, unique and upscale environment to satisfy customers Provide training to employees to assure the better technique of production. They should commit to customers that excellent quality juices will be provided every time Customers should be convinced that, Gold and Costa are providing best quality juices with great atmosphere and services (Elepu, Nabisubi and Sserunkuuma 2016). Mission and Vision: Gold and Costas mission should be to provide fruit juice and vegetable juice in a fresh and healthy. They should also provide an uncompromising promise to create a difference through their values. They should explore all over the industry of fresh juices and assure them to provide with exceptional quality (Nwadiuto Igwe 2014). Marketing plan: Gold and Costas marketing plan should cover the following objectives: Maximum profit margin: The price of the product should be fixed in such way that it should enable to cover the cost of ingredients and generate sufficient profit Quality leadership: The main aim of Gold and Costa should be to provide best quality products to their customers. Their product must cover the requirements and need of their customers (Roman and Zgiep 2013). Strong relations with consumers: They should provide better quality value to their customers. It will help them to create loyal customers for their company Communication objective: Gold and Costa should communicate with the new customers about the quality and freshness of their juice. They should also explain about the good taste and energy that one can get by drinking their juice (Wan 2015). Pricing Strategy: Price should be set on value pricing method. Gold and Costa should provide quality products from which their customers can be benefitted in health aspect. Pricing policy should cover the cost of ingredients and generate profit. As Gold and Costa has a plan to sell their juice business after three years as a profitable business, they should be able to generate high profit margin during these three years (Bergs, Hassan and Monier?Dilhan 2013). For example, pricing structure may be like this: Name of produce Raw material cost Cost of production Cost of marketing Profit Price/Unit Selling price to retailer Orange juice (500 ml) 18 4 2 4 28 34 Orange juice (1 lt) 27 8 4 8 47 55 Mango juice (500 ml) 15 4 4 7 30 35 Mango juice (1lt) 28 7 6 9 40 46 Carrot juice (500 ml) 10 2 2 5 19 25 Carrot juice (1lt) 18 4 4 10 36 42 Table 1: Table for price structure (Source: Created by Author) Strategies for promotions: Gold and Costa can use different sources to communicate with their customer. Various promotional medium can be newspaper, local cable, Billboards and pamphlets to inform their target customers. As their prime target customers are children and health conscious people, they can be informed through television, Radio and social media. Vehicle writing method can also be used by them (Taleizadeh ,Noori-daryan and Crdenas-Barrn 2015) Reference: Angin, D., 2014. 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Drummond, M.F., Sculpher, M.J., Claxton, K., Stoddart, G.L. and Torrance, G.W., 2015.Methods for the economic evaluation of health care programmes. Oxford university press Elepu, G., Nabisubi, J. and Sserunkuuma, D., 2016. Segmentation of Processed Fruit Juice Consumers in Urban Uganda.Business Management and Strategy,7(1), pp.80-95. Fang, X., Brown, D.S., Florence, C.S. and Mercy, J.A., 2012. The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention.Child abuse neglect,36(2), pp.156-165. Henttu-Aho, T. and Jrvinen, J., 2013. A field study of the emerging practice of beyond budgeting in industrial companies: an institutional perspective.European Accounting Review,22(4), pp.765-785. Lobato, J., Canizares, P., Rodrigo, M.A., Horcajada, L., Fernandez, F.J., Gonzalez del Campo, A. and Trapero, J.R., 2014. Economic assessment of microbial fuel cells for wastewater treatment and energy production. A juice industry case study.Afinidad,71(567), pp.192-201. 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THE ROLE OF START-UP STRATEGIES IN DETERMINING TIME TO FIRST SALE AND BREAK-EVEN POINT (INTERACTIVE PAPER).Frontiers of Entrepreneurship Research,34(11), p.22. Taleizadeh, A.A., Noori-daryan, M. and Crdenas-Barrn, L.E., 2015. Joint optimization of price, replenishment frequency, replenishment cycle and production rate in vendor managed inventory system with deteriorating items.International Journal of Production Economics,159, pp.285-295. Vaznonien?, M. and Ston?iuvien?, N., 2012. The formation of company budgeting system: Importance, problems and solutions.Management theory and studies for rural business and infrastructure development,30(1). Wan, S., 2015. Chinese Herbal tea brand positioning Strategy: Case study: WONG LO KAT Herbal Tea. Wang, L., Madhok, A. and Xiao Li, S., 2014. Agglomeration and clustering over the industry life cycle: toward a dynamic model of geographic concentration.Strategic management journal,35(7), pp.995-1012.